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History – Optional (Main Examination)
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Paper-I
Section-A
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1.
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Sources and approaches to study of early Indian history.
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2.
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Early pastoral and agricultural communities. The archaeological evidence.
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3.
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The Indus Civilization: its origins, nature and decline.
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4.
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Patterns of settlement, economy, social organization and religion in
India
(c. 2000 to 500 B.C.) : archaeological perspectives.
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5.
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Evolution of north Indian society and culture: evidence of Vedic texts (Samhitas
to Sutras)
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6.
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Teachings of Mahavira and Buddha. Contemporary society. Early phase of
state formation and urbanization.
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7.
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Rise of
Magadha
; the Mauryan empire. Ashoka's inscriptions; his dhamma. Nature of
the Mauryan state.
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8-9
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Post-Mauryan period in northern and peninsular
India
: Political and administrative history,. Society, economy, culture and
religion. Tamilaham and its society: the Sangam texts.
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10-11
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India
in the Gupta and post-Gupta period (to c. 750) : Political histroy of
northern and peninsular
India
; Samanta system and changes in political structure; economy;
social structure; culture; religion.
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12.
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Themes in early Indian cultural history: languages and texts; major stages
in the evolution of art and architecture; major philosphical thinkers and
schools; ideas in science and mathematics.
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Section-B
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13.
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India
, 750-1200 : Polity, society and economy. Major dynasties and political
structurs in
North India
. Agrarian structures. " Indian feudalism". Rise of Rajputs. The
Imperial Cholas and their contemporaries in Peninsular India. Villagle
communities in the South. Conditions fof women. Commerce mercantile groups
and guilds; towns. Problem of coinage. Arab conquest of
Sind
; the Ghaznavide empire.
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14.
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India
, 750-1200: Culture, Literature, Kalhana, historian. Styles of temple
architecture; sculpture. Religious thought and institutions:
Sankaracharya's vedanta. Ramanuja. Growth of Bhakti, Islam and its arrival
in
India
. Sufism. Indian science. Alberuni and his study of Indian science and
civilization.
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15.
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The 13th Century. The Ghorian invasions. Factors behind Ghorian success.
Economic, social and cultural consequences. Foundation of
Delhi
Sultanate. The "slave" Dynasty. IItutmish; Balban. "The
Khalji Revolution". Early Sultanate architecture.
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16.
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The 14th Century. Alauddin Khalji's conquests, agrarian and economic
measures. Muhammad Tughluq's major "projects". Firuz Tughluq's
concessions and public works. Decline of the Sultante. Foreing contacts:
Ibn Battuta.
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17.
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Economy societyand culture in the 13th and 14th centureis. Caste and
slavery under sultanate. Tehnological changes. Sultanate architecture. [persian
literature: Amir Khusrau, Historiography; Ziya Barani. Evolution of a
composite culture. Sufism in
North India
. Lingayats. Bhakti schools in the south.
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18.
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The 15th and early16th Century (Political History). Rise of Provincial
Dynasties: Bengal, Kashmir (Zainul Abedin),
Gujarat
, Malwa, Bahmanids. The Vijayanagra Empire. Lodis. Mughal Empire, First
phase : Babur, Humayun. The Sur Empire : Sher Shah's administration. The
Portuguese colonial enterprise.
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19.
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The 15th and early 16th Century (society, economy and culture). Regional
cultures and literatures. provincial architectural styles. Society,
culture, literature and the arts in Vijayanagara Empire.
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Monotheistic
movements: Kabir and Guru Nank. Bhakti Movements: Chaitanya. Sufism in its
pantheistic phase.
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20.
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Akbar: His conquests and consolidation of empire. Establishment of jagir
and mansab systems. His Rajput policy. Evolution of
religious and social outlook. Theory of Sulh-i-kul and
religious policy. Abul Fazl, thinker and historian. Court patronage of art
and technology.
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21.
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Mughal empire in the 17th Century. Major policies (administrative and
religious) of Jahangir, Shahjahan and Aurangzeb. The Empire and the
Zamindars. Nature of the Mughal state. Late 17th Century crisis: Revolts.
The Ahom kingdom, Shivaji and the early maratha kingdom.
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22.
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Economy and society, 16th and 17th Centuries. Population. Agricultural and
craft production. Towns, commerce with
Europe
through Dutch, English and French companies- a "trade
revolution". Indian mercantile classes. Banking, insurance and credit
systems. Conditions of peasants, famines. Condition of Women.
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23.
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Culture during Mughal Empire. Persian literature (including historical
works). Hindi and relgious literatures. Mughal architecture. Mughal
painting. Provincial schools of architecture and painting. Classical
music. Science and technology. Sawai Jai Singh, astronomer. Mystic
eclecticism : Dara Shukoh. Vaishnav Bhakti. Mahrasthra Dharma.
Evolution of the Sikh community (Khalsa).
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24.
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First half of 18th Century: Factors behind decline of the Mughal Empire.
The regional principalities (Nizam's Deccan,
Bengal
, Awadh). Rise of Maratha ascendancy under the Peshwas. The Maratha fiscal
and financial system. Emergency of Afghan Power. Panipat, 1761. Internal
weakness, political cultural and economic, on eve of the British conquest.
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Paper-II
Section-A
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1.
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Estab lishment of British rule in
India
: Factors behind British success against Indian powers-
Mysore
, Maratha Con federacy and the Punjab as major powers in resistance;
Policy of subsidiary
Alliance
and Doctrine of Lapse.
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2.
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Colonial Economy : Tribute system. Drain of wealth and "deindustrialisation",
Fiscal pressures and revenue settlements (Zamindari, Ryotwari and
Mahalwari settlements); Structure of the British raj up to 1857 (including
the Acts of 1773 and 1784 and administrative organisation).
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3.
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Resistance to colonia rule : Early uprisings; Causes, nature and impact of
the Revolt of 1857; Reorganisation of the Raj, 1858 and after.
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4.
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Socio-cultural impact of colonial rule: Official social reform measures
(1828-57); Orientalist-Anglicist controversy; coming of English education
and the press; Christian missionary activities;Bengal Renaissance; Social
and religious reform movements in Bengal and other areas; Women as focus
of social reform.
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5.
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Economy 1858-1914: Railways; Commercialisation of Indian agriculture;
Growth of landless labourers and rural indebtedness; Famines; India as
market for British industry; Customs removal, exchange and countervailing
excise; Limited growth of modern industry.
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6.
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Early Indian Nationalism: Social background; Formation of national
associations; Peasant and tribal uprising during the early nationalist
era; Foundation of the Indian National Congress; The Moderate phase of the
Congress; Growth of Extremism; The Indian Council Act of 1909; Home Rule
Movement; The Government of India Act of 1919.
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7.
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Inter-War economy of India: Industries and problem of Protection;
Agricultural distress; the Great Depression; Ottawa agreements and
Discriminatory Protection; the growth of trade unions; The Kisan Movement;
The economic programme of the Congress' Karachi resolution, 1931.
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8.
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Nationalism under Gandhi's leadership: Gandhi's career, thought and
methods of mass mobilisation; Rowlatt Satyagraha, Khilafat- Non
Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, 1940 Satyagraha and
Quit India Movement; State People's Movement.
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9.
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Other strands of the National Movement:
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a)
Revolutionary movements since 1905; (b) Constitutional politics;
Swarajists, Liberals, Responsive Cooperation; (c) Ideas of Jawharlal
Nehru, (d) The Left (Socialists and Communists); (e) Subhas Chandra Bose
and the Indian National Army; (f) Communal strands: Muslim League and
Hindu Mahasabha; (g) Women in the National Movement.
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10.
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Literary and cultural lmovements: Tagore, Premchand, Subramanyam Bharati,
Iqbal as examples only; New trends in art; Film industry; Writers'
Organisations and Theatre Associations.
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11.
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Towards Freedom: The Act of 1935; Congress Ministries, 1937-1939; The
Pakistan Movement; Post-1945 upsurge (RIN Mutiny, Telangana uprising
etc.,); Consititutional negotiations and the Transfer of Power, 15 August
1947.
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12.
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First phase of Independence (1947-64): Facing the consequences of
Partition; Gandhiji's murder; economic dislocation; Integration of States;
The democratic constitution, 1950; Agrarian reforms; Building an
industrial welfare state; Planning and industrialisation; Foreign policy
of Non-alignment; Relations with neighbours.
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Section-B
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13.
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Enlightenment and Modern ideas
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1. Renaissance
Background
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2. Major Ideas of
Enlightenment: Kant, Rousseau
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3. Spread of
Enlightenment outside
Europe
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4. Rise of socialist
ideas (to Marx)
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14.
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Origins of Modern Politics
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1.
European States System
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2.
American Revolution and the Constitution.
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3.
French revolution and after math, 1789-1815.
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4.
British Democratic Politics, 1815-1850; Parliamentary Reformers, Free
Traders, chartists.
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15.
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Industriatization
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1. English Industrial
Revolution: Causes and Impact on Society
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2. Industrialization in
other countries:
USA
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Germany
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Russia
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Japan
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3. Socialist
Industrialization: Soviet and Chinese.
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16.
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Nation-State System
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1. Rise of Nationalism
in 19th century
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2. Nationalism :
state-building in
Germany
and
Italy
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3. Disintegration of
Empires through the emergence of nationalities.
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17.
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Imperialism and Colonialism
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1.
Colonial System (Exploitation of
New World
, Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, Tribute from Asian Conquests)
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2.
Types of Empire: of settlement and non-settlement: Latin America,
South Africa
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Indonesia
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Australia
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3.
Imperialism and Free Trade: The New Imperialism
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18.
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Revolution and Counter-Revolution
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1. 19th Century European
revolutions
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2. The Russian
Revolution of 1917-1921
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3. Fascist
Counter-Revolution,
Italy
and
Germany
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4. The Chinese
Revolution of 1949
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19.
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World Wars
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1. 1st and 2nd World
Wars as Total Wars: Societal Implications
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2. World War I : Causes
and Consequences
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3. World War II :
Political Consequence
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20.
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Cold War
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1. Emergence of Two
Blocs
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2. Integration of West
Europe and US Strategy; Communist
East Europe
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3. Emergence of
Third World
and Non-Alignment
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4. UN and Dispute
Resolution
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21.
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Colonial Liberation
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1. Latin America-Bolivar
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2. Arab World-Egypt
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3. Africa-Apartheid to
Democracy
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4. South-East
Asia-Vietnam
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22.
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Decolonization and Underdevelopment
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1.
Decolonization: Break up of colonial Empires: British, French, Duth
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2.
Factors constraining Development : Latin America,
Africa
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23.
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Unification of
Europe
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1. Post War Foundations
: NATO and European Community
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2. Consolidation and
Expansion of European Community/European
Union
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24.
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Soviety Disintegration and the
Unipolar World
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1. Factors in the
collapse of Soviet communism and the Soviet Union, 1985-1991
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2. Political Changes in
East Europe
1989-1992
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3. End of the Cold War
and US Ascendancy in the World
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4. Globalization
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